FPGA specialist processing block for machine learning

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure describes a digital signal processing (DSP) block that includes a plurality of columns of weight registers and a plurality of inputs configured to receive a first plurality of values and a second plurality of values. The first plurality of values is stored in the plurality of columns of weight registers after being received. Additionally, the DSP block includes a plurality of multipliers configured to simultaneously multiply each value of the first plurality of values by each value of the second plurality of values.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.16/914,009, filed Jun. 26, 2020, entitled “FPGA Specialist ProcessingBlock for Machine Learning,” which claims priority to U.S. ApplicationNo. 62/948,110, filed Dec. 13, 2019, entitled “FPGA SpecialistProcessing Block for Artificial Intelligence,” U.S. Application No.62/948,114, filed Dec. 13, 2019, entitled “Implementing LargeMultipliers in Tensor Arrays,” and U.S. Application No. 62/948,124,filed Dec. 13, 2019, entitled “Systems and Methods for Loading Weightsinto a Tensor Processing Block,” all of which are hereby incorporated byreference in their entireties for all purposes. Additionally, U.S.application Ser. No. 16/914,009 is related to U.S. application Ser. No.16/914,018, filed Jun. 26, 2020, entitled “Implementing LargeMultipliers in Tensor Arrays” and U.S. application Ser. No. 16/914,025,filed Jun. 26, 2020, entitled “Systems and Methods for Loading Weightsinto a Tensor Processing Block,” both of which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entireties for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to integrated circuit (IC)devices such as programmable logic devices (PLDs). More particularly,the present disclosure relates to a processing block that may beincluded on an integrated circuit device as well as applications thatcan be performed utilizing the processing block.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects ofart that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure,which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed tobe helpful in providing the reader with background information tofacilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the presentdisclosure. Accordingly, it may be understood that these statements areto be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

Integrated circuit devices may be utilized for a variety of purposes orapplications, such as digital signal processing and machine learning.Indeed, machine learning and artificial intelligence applications havebecome ever more prevalent. Programmable logic devices may be utilizedto perform these functions, for example, using particular circuitry(e.g., processing blocks). In some cases, particular circuitry that iseffective for digital signal processing may not be well suited formachine learning, while particular circuitry for machine learning maynot be well suited for digital signal processing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of this disclosure may be better understood upon readingthe following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system that may implement arithmeticoperations using a DSP block, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 ,in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process the digital signal processing(DSP) block of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 may perform whenconducting multiplication operations, in accordance with an embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a virtual bandwidth expansion structureimplementable via the DSP block of FIG. 1 , in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are block diagrams of portions of a tensorprocessing block in the DSP block of FIG. 1 , in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B illustrate parallel weight loading, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B illustrate cascade weight loading, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B illustrate port weight loading, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 illustrates parallel weight loading of weights into weightregisters, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 illustrates parallel weight loading, in accordance with anotherembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 illustrates weight loading with multiple sets of weights, inaccordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 illustrates weight loading with multiple sets of weights, inaccordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 13 illustrates weight loading with multiple sets of weights, inaccordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 14 illustrates weight loading with multiple sets of weights, inaccordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 15 illustrates loading weights into weight registers, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 illustrates weight loading when a data port that providesweights is wider than weight registers, in accordance with an embodimentof the present disclosure;

FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of weight registers that can receiveinputs based on addressing, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating independently addressed weightregisters, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a stage of the tensor processing block ofFIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of another stage of the tensor processingblock of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of a DSP block when used in floating-pointtensor mode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of a DSP block when used in fixed-pointtensor mode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 23 illustrates a dataflow into and through a last DSP block of achain of DSP blocks, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 24 is illustrates accumulation of floating-point values generatedby a DSP block, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1 ,in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 26 is a is a block diagram representative of a tensor block thatcan be implemented using the DSP block of FIG. 1 , in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating a construction of a vectormultiplier that can be implemented using the DSP block of FIG. 1 , inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 28 illustrates a multiplication operation in which three columns offour DSP blocks are utilized, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 29 illustrates multiple vectors being added using cascading, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 30 is alignment of components generated by determined partialproducts of inputs to a DSP block, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 31 is representative of four DSP blocks that are communicativelycoupled to another, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 32 illustrates two types of vector multipliers implementable usingfloating-point cascades, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 illustrate how an INT15 complex vector multiple canbe implemented with multiple DSP blocks, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 35 illustrates a block diagram of the integrated circuit device ofFIG. 1 including pre-processing circuitry, a DSP block, and postprocessing circuitry, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 36 is a block diagram of a mapping circuit of the pre-processingcircuitry of FIG. 35 , in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 37 is a block diagram of post-processing circuitry, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 38 is block diagram of the integrated circuit device of FIG. 1including pre-processing circuitry, a DSP block, and post processingcircuitry, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;and

FIG. 39 is a data processing system, in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

One or more specific embodiments will be described below. In an effortto provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all featuresof an actual implementation are described in the specification. Itshould be appreciated that in the development of any such actualimplementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerousimplementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve thedevelopers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related andbusiness-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation toanother. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a developmenteffort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be aroutine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those ofordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.

When introducing elements of various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean thatthere are one or more of the elements. The terms “including” and“having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may beadditional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, itshould be understood that references to “some embodiments,”“embodiments,” “one embodiment,” or “an embodiment” of the presentdisclosure are not intended to be interpreted as excluding the existenceof additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features.Furthermore, the phrase A “based on” B is intended to mean that A is atleast partially based on B. Moreover, the term “or” is intended to beinclusive (e.g., logical OR) and not exclusive (e.g., logical XOR). Inother words, the phrase A “or” B is intended to mean A, B, or both A andB.

As machine leaning and artificial intelligence applications have becomeever more prevalent, there is a growing desire for circuitry to performcalculations utilized in machine-leaning and artificial intelligenceapplications that is also able to be used for digital signal processingapplications. The present systems and techniques relate to embodimentsof a digital signal processing (DSP) block that may provide a similarlevel of arithmetic performance (TOPs/TFLOPs) as an application-specificstandard product (ASSP) or application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) for artificial intelligence (AI) operations. In general, a DSPblock is a type of circuitry that is used in integrated circuit devices,such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), to perform multiply,accumulate, and addition operations. The DSP block described herein maytake advantage of the flexibility of an FPGA to adapt to emergingalgorithms or fix bugs in a planned implementation. The numberrepresentations used can be fixed point or floating point. Floatingpoint numbers can also be expressed in block floating point, where asingle exponent can be shared for multiple input values.

An FPGA can also provide other types of flexibility. For example,non-linear activation functions, such as tan h(x) and sigmoid(x), can beinserted anywhere into the dataflow, and the precision or rangesupported by such functions can be tailored to the applicationrequirement, thereby saving area and power. Furthermore, an FPGA thatincludes the DSP circuitry described herein can also be used for non-AIsignal processing or applications that do not involve any signalprocessing or hard arithmetic.

The presently described techniques also provide improved computationaldensity and power consumption (e.g., a higher amount of TOPs/TFLOPs perW). For instance, as discussed herein, DSP blocks may perform virtualbandwidth expansion so that the bandwidth available can be used moreeffectively for the processing used and so that the cost of thecomputation (e.g., area for arithmetic) is balanced with theavailability of the wires of an FPGA in a desirable (e.g., optimal) wayfor artificial intelligence applications. Moreover, the DSP blocksdescribed herein may use the area and interface of the other DSP blocksthat perform multiply-accumulate operations. Bounded box floating pointmay be used to provide floating point accuracy, along with fullsingle-precision floating point (e.g., FP32) output capability.

With this in mind, FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a system 10that may implement arithmetic operations using a DSP block. A designermay desire to implement functionality, such as the large precisionarithmetic operations of this disclosure, on an integrated circuitdevice 12 (such as a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)). In some cases, thedesigner may specify a high-level program to be implemented, such as anOpenCL program, which may enable the designer to more efficiently andeasily provide programming instructions to configure a set ofprogrammable logic cells for the integrated circuit device 12 withoutspecific knowledge of low-level hardware description languages (e.g.,Verilog or VHDL). For example, because OpenCL is quite similar to otherhigh-level programming languages, such as C++, designers of programmablelogic familiar with such programming languages may have a reducedlearning curve than designers that are required to learn unfamiliarlow-level hardware description languages to implement newfunctionalities in the integrated circuit device 12.

The designers may implement their high-level designs using designsoftware 14, such as a version of Intel® Quartus® by INTEL CORPORATION.The design software 14 may use a compiler 16 to convert the high-levelprogram into a lower-level description. The compiler 16 may providemachine-readable instructions representative of the high-level programto a host 18 and the integrated circuit device 12. The host 18 mayreceive a host program 22 which may be implemented by the kernelprograms 20. To implement the host program 22, the host 18 maycommunicate instructions from the host program 22 to the integratedcircuit device 12 via a communications link 24, which may be, forexample, direct memory access (DMA) communications or peripheralcomponent interconnect express (PCIe) communications. In someembodiments, the kernel programs 20 and the host 18 may enableconfiguration of one or more DSP blocks 26 on the integrated circuitdevice 12. The DSP block 26 may include circuitry to implement, forexample, operations to perform matrix-matrix or matrix-vectormultiplication for AI or non-AI data processing. The integrated circuitdevice 12 may include many (e.g., hundreds or thousands) of the DSPblocks 26. Additionally, DSP blocks 26 may be communicatively coupled toanother such that data outputted from one DSP block 26 may be providedto other DSP blocks 26.

While the techniques above discussion described to the application of ahigh-level program, in some embodiments, the designer may use the designsoftware 14 to generate and/or to specify a low-level program, such asthe low-level hardware description languages described above. Further,in some embodiments, the system 10 may be implemented without a separatehost program 22. Moreover, in some embodiments, the techniques describedherein may be implemented in circuitry as a non-programmable circuitdesign. Thus, embodiments described herein are intended to beillustrative and not limiting.

Turning now to a more detailed discussion of the integrated circuitdevice 12, FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the integrated circuitdevice 12 as a programmable logic device, such as a field-programmablegate array (FPGA). Further, it should be understood that the integratedcircuit device 12 may be any other suitable type of integrated circuitdevice (e.g., an application-specific integrated circuit and/orapplication-specific standard product). As shown, the integrated circuitdevice 12 may have input/output circuitry 42 for driving signals offdevice and for receiving signals from other devices via input/outputpins 44. Interconnection resources 46, such as global and local verticaland horizontal conductive lines and buses, may be used to route signalson integrated circuit device 12. Additionally, interconnection resources46 may include fixed interconnects (conductive lines) and programmableinterconnects (e.g., programmable connections between respective fixedinterconnects). Programmable logic 48 may include combinational andsequential logic circuitry. For example, programmable logic 48 mayinclude look-up tables, registers, and multiplexers. In variousembodiments, the programmable logic 48 may be configured to perform acustom logic function. The programmable interconnects associated withinterconnection resources may be considered to be a part of theprogrammable logic 48.

Programmable logic devices, such as integrated circuit device 12, maycontain programmable elements 50 within the programmable logic 48. Forexample, as discussed above, a designer (e.g., a customer) may program(e.g., configure) the programmable logic 48 to perform one or moredesired functions. By way of example, some programmable logic devicesmay be programmed by configuring their programmable elements 50 usingmask programming arrangements, which is performed during semiconductormanufacturing. Other programmable logic devices are configured aftersemiconductor fabrication operations have been completed, such as byusing electrical programming or laser programming to program theirprogrammable elements 50. In general, programmable elements 50 may bebased on any suitable programmable technology, such as fuses, antifuses,electrically-programmable read-only-memory technology, random-accessmemory cells, mask-programmed elements, and so forth.

Many programmable logic devices are electrically programmed. Withelectrical programming arrangements, the programmable elements 50 may beformed from one or more memory cells. For example, during programming,configuration data is loaded into the memory cells using pins 44 andinput/output circuitry 42. In one embodiment, the memory cells may beimplemented as random-access-memory (RAM) cells. The use of memory cellsbased on RAM technology is described herein is intended to be only oneexample. Further, because these RAM cells are loaded with configurationdata during programming, they are sometimes referred to as configurationRAM cells (CRAM). These memory cells may each provide a correspondingstatic control output signal that controls the state of an associatedlogic component in programmable logic 48. For instance, in someembodiments, the output signals may be applied to the gates ofmetal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistors within the programmablelogic 48.

Keeping the foregoing in mind, the DSP block 26 discussed here may beused for a variety of applications and to perform many differentoperations associated with the applications, such as multiplication andaddition. For example, matrix and vector (e.g., matrix-matrix,matrix-vector, vector-vector) multiplication operations may be wellsuited for both in AI and digital signal processing applications. Asdiscussed below, the DSP block 26 may simultaneously calculate manyproducts (e.g., dot products) by multiplying one or more rows of data byone or more columns of data. Before describing circuitry of the DSPblock 26, to help provide an overview for the operations that the DSPblock 26 may perform, FIG. 3 is provided. In particular, FIG. 3 is aflow diagram of a process 70 that the DSP block 26 may perform, forexample, on data the DSP block 26 receives to determine the product ofthe inputted data. Additionally, it should be noted the operationsdescribed with respect to the process 70 are discussed in greater detailwith respect to subsequent drawings.

At process block 72, the DSP block 26 receives data. The data mayinclude values that will be multiplied. The data may include fixed-pointand floating-point data types. In some embodiments, the data may befixed-point data types that share a common exponent. Additionally, thedata may be floating-point values that have been converted forfixed-point values (e.g., fixed-point values that share a commonexponent). As described in more detail below with regard to circuitryincluded in the DSP block 26, the inputs may include data that will bestored in weight registers included in the DSP block 26 as well asvalues that are going to be multiplied by the values stored in theweight registers.

At process block 74, the DSP block 26 may multiply the received data(e.g., a portion of the data) to generate products. For example, theproducts may be subset products (e.g., products determined as part ofdetermining one or more partial products in a matrix multiplicationoperation) associated with several columns of data being multiplied bydata that the DSP block 26 receives. For instance, when multiplyingmatrices, values of a row of a matrix may be multiplied by values of acolumn of another matrix to generate the subset products.

At process block 76, the DSP block 26 may compress the products togenerate vectors. For example, as described in more detail below,several stages of compression may be used to generate vectors that theDSP block 26 sums.

At process block 78, the DSP block 26 may determine the sums of thecompressed data. For example, for subset products of a column of datathat have been compressed (e.g., into fewer vectors than there weresubset products), the sum of the subset products may be determined usingadding circuitry (e.g., one or more adders, accumulators, etc.) of theDSP block 26. Sums may be determined for each column (or row) of data,which as discussed below, correspond to columns (and rows) of registerswithin the DSP block 26. Additionally, it should be noted that, in someembodiments, the DSP block 26 may convert fixed-point values tofloating-point values before determining the sums at process block 78.

At process block 80, the DSP block 26 may output the determined sums. Asdiscussed below, in some embodiments, the data the DSP block 26 outputsmay be received by post-processing circuitry, which may further processthe data. Moreover, the outputs may be provided to another DSP block 26that is chained to the DSP block 26.

Keeping the discussion of FIG. 3 in mind, FIG. 4 is a block diagramillustrating a virtual bandwidth expansion structure 100 implementedusing the DSP block 26. The virtual bandwidth expansion structure 100includes columns 102 of registers 104 that may store data values the DSPblock 26 receives. For example, the data received may be fixed-pointvalues, such as four-bit or eight-bit integer values. In otherembodiments, the received data may be fixed-point values having one toeight integer bits, or more than eight integer bits. Additionally, thedata received may include a shared exponent in which case the receiveddata may be considered as floating-point values. While three columns 102are illustrated, in other embodiments, there may be fewer than threecolumns 102 or more than three columns 102. The registers 104 of thecolumns 102 may be used to store data values associated with aparticular portion of data received by the DSP block 26. For example,each column 102 may include data corresponding to a particular column ofa matrix when performing matrix multiplication operations. As discussedin more detail below, data may preloaded into the columns 102, and thedata can be used to perform multiple multiplication operationssimultaneously. For example, data received by the DSP block 26corresponding to rows 106 (e.g., registers 104) may be multiplied (usingmultipliers 108) by values stored in the columns 102. More specifically,in the illustrated embodiment, ten rows of data can be received andsimultaneously multiplied with data in three columns 102, signifyingthat thirty products (e.g., subset products) can be calculated.

For example, when performing matrix-matrix multiplication, the samerow(s) or column(s) is/are may be applied to multiple vectors of theother dimension by multiplying received data values by data valuesstored in the registers 104 of the columns 102. That is, multiplevectors of one of the dimensions of a matrix can be preloaded (e.g.,stored in the registers 104 of the columns 102), and vectors from theother dimension are streamed through the DSP block 26 to be multipliedwith the preloaded values. Accordingly, in the illustrated embodimentthat has three columns 102, up to three independent dot products can bedetermined simultaneously for each input (e.g., each row 106 of data).As discussed below, these features may be utilized to multiply generallylarge values. Additionally, as noted above, the DSP block 26 may alsoreceive data (e.g., 8 bits of data) for the shared exponent of the databeing received.

The partial products for each column 102 may be compressed, as indicatedby the compression blocks 110 to generate one or more vectors (e.g.,represented by registers 112), which can be added via carry-propagateadders 114 to generate one or more values. A fixed-point tofloating-point converter 116 may convert the values to a floating-pointformat, such as a single-precision floating point value (e.g., FP32) asprovided by IEEE Standard 754, to generate a floating-point value(represented by register 118).

The DSP block 26 may be communicatively coupled to other DSP blocks 26such that the DSP block 26 may receive data from, and provide data to,other DSP blocks 26. For example, the DSP block 26 may receive data fromanother DSP block 26, as indicated by cascade register 120, which mayinclude data that will be added (e.g., via adder 122) to generate avalue (represented by register 124). Values may be provided to amultiplexer selection circuitry 126, which selects values, or subsets ofvalues, to be output out of the DSP block 26 (e.g., to circuitry thatmay determine a sum for each column 102 of data based on the receiveddata values.) The outputs of the multiplexer selection circuitry 126 maybe floating-point values, such as FP32 values or floating-point valuesin other formats such as bfloat24 format (e.g., a value having one signbit, eight exponent bits, and sixteen implicit (fifteen explicit)mantissa bits).

Continuing with the drawings, FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are block diagramsthat each illustrate a portion of a tensor processing block 150 that isincluded within the DSP block 26. The tensor processing block 150includes circuitry that performs the process 70 described above withrespect to FIG. 3 , and the tensor processing block 150 is a hardwareimplementation of the virtual bandwidth expansion structure 100 depictedin FIG. 4 . As illustrated, the tensor processing block 150 can receivedata via inputs 152 that will be multiplied by the “weights” or“constants,” which refer to values associated with the columns 102discussed above. In other words, “weights” and “constants” are valuesthat are stored in registers (e.g., associated with columns) that willbe multiplied by other received data (e.g., data associated with therows 106). The tensor processing block 150 may also include inputs 154that receive shared exponent bits (e.g., a value of an input shared bythe data that is multiplied the weights), inputs 156 that can receiveweights from another DSP block 26 that is communicatively coupled to theDSP block 26 that includes that tensor processing block 150, and inputs158 that can receive data from another DSP block 26 that iscommunicatively coupled to the DSP block 26 that includes that tensorprocessing block 150.

To help discuss various techniques for loading weights into the DSPblock 26, FIGS. 6-14 are provided. In particular, values may be loadedinto the DSP block 26 using three techniques. FIG. 6A and FIG. 6Billustrate a first technique: parallel weight loading. In parallelweight loading, the weights are loaded into registers as regular datainputs. For instance, as illustrated, two sets 170A, 170B of weightregisters 172 may be provided, and both may be loaded (e.g., using oneclock cycle per weight loaded). Because weights are loaded using thesame inputs (e.g., ports) as inputs that will be used to receive valuesthat will be multiplied by the weights (e.g., values stored in theweight registers 172), loading of the weights may occur beforemultiplication is performed. However, in the case of three columns ofweights being loaded using a single set of the weight registers 172,three clock cycles would be used. If the weights are to be used for manycalculations (e.g., dozens or hundreds or thousands or more), usingparallel weight loading may be highly efficient. For instance, becausethe same values (i.e., the weights) can be multiplied by many valuesthat are received without being changed, the DSP block 26 may determineproducts involving the weights for each determination that will involvethe weights. For instance, in a matrix-matrix multiplication operation,the weights may correspond to values of a column of a matrix. Once theweights have been preloaded, the weights may be multiplied by each valueof each row of another matrix with the values of the weights having onlybeen inputted a single time.

As noted above, there are two sets 170A, 170B of weight registers 172.The sets 170A, 170B of weight registers 172 can be switched dynamically.For example, the DSP block 26 may instantly switch from set 170A ofweight registers 172 to the set 170B in the middle of processing. Forinstance, after each partial product for a column, which corresponds toone set of weigh registers 172, has been calculated, the DSP block 26may switch to another set of weight registers 172 to determine partialproducts involving another column of data. Another example of the weightregisters 172 can be switched dynamically is alternating between sets ofweight registers 172 in the middle of processing. Additionally, itshould be noted that while FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B (in addition to FIG. 7Aand FIG. 7B as well as FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B) include two sets 170A, 170Bof weight registers 172, in other embodiments, fewer or more sets ofweight registers 172 may be included.

Parallel weight loading will now be discussed in an example describingoperations that can be performed during various clock cycles while theDSP block 26 is operating. In clock cycles 1 to 3, dynamic control busfeed_sel=2′b00 to select the data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0] asthe feed input source. Control bits load_bb_oneff=1′b1 andload_bb_twoff=1′b0 to preload the weights and their shared exponentsinto the first set 170A weight registers 172. Additionally, the bitload_buf_selff=1′b0.

From clock cycles 4 to 6, dynamic control bus feed_sel=2′b00 isunchanged, but load_bb_oneff=1′b0 and load_bb_twoff=1′b1 to preload theweights and shared exponent into the second set 170B of weigh registers.The bit load_buf_selff=1′b0 is also unchanged.

From clock cycles 7 to N (depending on how many vectors are processedwith the current weight set), the weights stored in the first set 170Aof weight registers 172 are used in multiplication operations. Loadingof the weight registers 172 is disabled by load_bb_oneff=1′b0 andload_bb_tw_off=1′b0. Activation data and the shared exponent are fed infrom data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0] respectively. The bitload_buf_selff=1′b0 is indicative of the first set 170A being utilized.

From clock cycle N+1 to 2N, loading is again disabled for the weightregisters 172, but the bit load_buf_selff=1′b1 to select the second set170B of weight registers 172. Thus, multiplication operations involvingvalues stored in the second set 170B of weight registers 172 may beperformed. From 2N+1 cycle, the DSP block 26 may begin to load newweights and shared exponents (e.g., as described above).

Another technique that the DSP block 26 may employ to load weights isillustrated in FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, which show block diagrams ofportions of the DSP block 26. This second technique is called “cascadeweight loading.” In cascade weight loading, weights can be provided to afirst DSP block 26 that provides the weight values to other DSP blocks26 that are communicatively coupled to the DSP block 26. The values forthe weights may be sent (e.g., via outputs 180 of FIG. 5A) from one DSPblock 26 to another DSP block 26, which may receive the values via“cascade_weight_in” illustrated in FIG. 7A, which corresponds to theinputs 156 of FIG. 5A.

Each DSP block 26 in the cascade chain may use one to three clock cyclesto load its weights depending on how many columns will be utilized(e.g., one clock cycle for one column, two clock cycles for two columns,three clock cycles for three columns). Additionally, the weight buffercan be selected externally.

When using cascade weight loading, the weights can be loaded whileprocessing is occurring. In other words, while a DSP block 26 is settingweight values (e.g., values of the weight registers 172), multiplicationmay be performed on incoming data and weights.

As an example of timing when performing cascade weight loading, thefirst DSP block in the cascade chain is configured as the weightsfeeder, meaning the DSP block 26 will cascade the values of the weightto another DSP block 26 in a chain of DSP blocks 26. From clock cycle 1to 3N, dynamic control bus feed_sel=2′b00 to select the data_in[79:0]and shared_exponent[7:0] as the feed input source. Control bitsload_bb_oneff=1′b1 and load_bb_twoff=1′b0 to preload the weights andtheir shared exponents into the first set 170A of weight register 172.Additionally, the bit load_buf_selff=1′b0.

Other DSP blocks 26 of the cascade chain are configured as thecomputation engines. From cycles 4 to ˜3N, the dynamic control busfeed_sel=2′b01 to select cascade_weight_in[87:0] as the feed inputsource. The control bus load_bb_oneff=1′b1 and load_bb_twoff=1′b0preload the weights and their shared exponents to the first set 170A ofthe weight registers 172. The bit load_buf_selff=1′b0. After ˜3N cycles,the weights of the entire cascade chain have been loaded.

From cycles ˜3N+1 to −6N cycles, the activation data and their sharedexponents are fed in from data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0]respectively. The dynamic signal load_buf_selff=1′b0, and the weightregisters 172 of the first set 170A are used (e.g., for the dot productcomputations). Moreover, feed_sel=2′b01 again to selectcascade_weight_in[87:0] as the feed input source. The bitsload_bb_oneff=1′b0 and load_bb_twoff=1′b1 to preload the weights andtheir shared exponents into the second set 170B of weight registers 172.This is performed while the first set 170A of weight registers 172 isbeing utilized in multiplication operations (e.g., dot productcomputations). Additionally, the bit load_buf_selff=1′b0 remainsunchanged.

From 6N+1 to 9N cycle, the activation data and their shared exponentsare fed in from data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0] respectively. Thedynamic signal load_buf_selff=1′b1, and the weights from the second set170B of weight registers 172 are used for the dot product computations.From ˜6N+1 to 9N cycles, the procedure may restart (e.g., revert back tothe operations described above starting at cycle 1.)

Continuing with the drawings and the discussion of weight loading, athird type of weight loading is “port weight loading,” which isillustrated in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B. In particular, port weight loadingutilizes data ports separate from the data ports used to load other datavalues into the DSP block 26. Such data ports may be included in theinputs 152 of FIG. 5A (e.g., sixteen bits of the ninety-six “data_in”bits). For example, the DSP block 26 may include an eighty-bit wide portthat receives data that will be multiplied by the weights, an eight-bitwide port that receives the shared exponent of this data, and asixteen-bit wide port that can receive sixteen bits of weight data thatis used to load weights. The weight data that is streamed via the weightports may be streamed separately from the other data types.Additionally, multiplication operations may occur while port weightloading occurs. For example, in embodiments with multiple sets ofweights registers 172, multiplication operations involving one set ofweight registers 172 may be performed while weights are loaded into theweight registers 172 of another set of weight registers 172.

Depending on the width of the port compared to the width of eachregister, the weight registers can be divided into multiple regions. Forinstance, in the illustrated embodiment, the port is sixteen bits wide,and the weight registers 172 are eight bits wide. The columns having tenweight registers may be divided into two columns that each have fiveweight registers 1 and that can be loaded simultaneously.

An example of port weight loading will now be discussed. From 1 to 18clock cycles, the dynamic control bus is set to feed_sel=2′b10 to selectdata_in[87:80] and data_in[95:88] as the feed input source. The controlbits load_bb_oneff=1′b1 and load_bb_twoff=1′b0 preload the weights andtheir shared exponents to the first set 170A of weight registers 172.Also, the bit load_buf_selff=1′b0.

From 19 to ˜N cycles, the activation data and their shared exponents arefed in from data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0] respectively. Loadingis disabled by load_buf_selff=1′b0. The previously loaded weights in thefirst set 170A of weight registers 172 are used for the dot productcomputations. From 19 to 36 cycles (simultaneously with operationstaking place from 19 to ˜N cycles), the control bus feed_sel=2′b10 toselect data_in[87:80] and data_in[95:88] as the feed input source. Thecontrol bus load_bb_oneff=1′b0 and load_bb_twoff=1′b1 preload weightsand their shared exponents into the second set 170B of weight buffers172. The control bit load_buf_selff=1′b0, as the first set of loadedweights is still in use.

From ˜N+1 to ˜2N+1 cycles, the activation data and their sharedexponents are fed in from data_in[79:0] and shared_exponent[7:0] Thecontrol bit load_buf_selff=1′b1, so that the weights from the second set170B of weight registers 172 are used for the dot product computations.From ˜N+1 to ˜N+18 cycles, the procedure can return to perform theoperations described above at clock cycle 1 so that new weights can beloaded into the first set 170A of weight buffers 172.

To help further illustrate weight loading, FIGS. 9-18 are provided. FIG.9 illustrates a logical flow of the parallel load method. Weights sharethe same bus as the data (e.g., data provided to register 190 to bemultiplied by values stored in weight registers 172). The multiple setsof weights each correspond to an independent column. The columns arestreamed in and shifted across. As noted above, while three columns 102of weight registers 172 are included in the illustrated, other numbersof columns 102 (e.g., fewer than three columns or more than threecolumns) may be included in other embodiments. Additionally, in somecases, only a portion of the weight registers (e.g., a portion of thecolumns) may be used. As noted above, it may take one clock cycle toload the weights for each column 102. When columns 102 are not used,such columns 102 can be loaded with zeros or ignored. Additionally oralternatively, a column wide or block wide reset can be used to clearall or unwanted columns without requiring a load of zeros into theweight registers 172 of columns 102 that are not utilized.

FIG. 10 illustrates another approach to parallel weight loading. Morespecifically, in cases in which enough input pins are available, theweight registers 172 can be loaded directly without sharing an inputport with the data. This may simplify the control and multiplexing insoft logic of the integrated circuit device 12 prior to the data beingprovided to the weight registers 172 of the DSP block 26.

As shown FIGS. 11-14 , multiple sets 170 of weights can also besupported. The sets 170 of weights can be loaded at different times orloaded together. For example, before performing multiplicationoperations, data values may be loaded into the weight registers 172 ofthe sets 170 or a portion thereof. When weights are loaded together, theweights can be alternated on a clock cycle by clock cycle basis so thatmultiplication operations involving both sets of weights can beperformed. Additionally, when performing multiplication operations,multiplexers 192 select which set 170 will be used to provide an inputthat will be multiplied. Similar to FIG. 10 , FIG. 12 illustrates analternative approach to parallel weight loading in which independentports are utilized. Furthermore, while FIG. 13 illustrates that theloading port is shared with the data port, an independent load port canalso be used, for instance, as shown in FIG. 12 . The register loadedcan be controlled with individual load ports, or a load set addressport. For the four sets 170 (i.e., sets 170C-170F) illustrated in FIG.13 , a two-bit address may be used. In embodiments having more sets 170of weights, larger addresses may be used (e.g., a three-bit address forembodiments having five, six, seven, or eight sets 170).

FIG. 14 illustrates an approach in which eight sets 170 of weights areutilized. Using the illustrated approach may reduce wiring loads fordeep submicron implementations. In this case, an address counter couldalso be used to cycle through the weight sets on a clock cycle by clockcycle basis. This might be applicable to cases such as small 2Dmatrixes.

If the ports used to load the weights are not as wide as the first setof registers they meet, a number of different methods can be used toaccess the registers 172. As illustrated in FIG. 15 , data can bestreamed across the columns 102, and then into the following row 170. Insome cases, even if only a portion of the columns 102 are utilized, eachcolumn 102 may still be loaded (e.g., with values of zero in weightregisters 172 of columns 102 that will not be used).

FIG. 16 illustrates that if the port width (e.g., 2 n bits) is greaterthan the register width (e.g., n bits), the port can be used to loadmultiple groups 194 of registers. In the illustrated embodiment, theregisters 172 are loaded sequentially as described above with respect toFIG. 12 , but the groups 194 are loaded in parallel. In other words,multiple groups 194 of weights can be loaded simultaneously.

In other embodiments, weights may be provided to specific weightregisters 172, for example, using addressing. For instance, in FIG. 17 ,an address decoder 196 may receive addresses (e.g., row addresses),converts the address to an enable bit to load data to a single row 170or weight registers 172. The weight registers 172 of each row 170 can beloaded sequentially. Additionally, in cases in which the data port iswider than the registers, the structure illustrated in FIG. 17 can bereplicated in parallel, similar to the structure illustrated in FIG. 16.

By using the structure illustrated in FIG. 17 , each row 170 can beloaded independently. For example, a subset of rows 170 may be changedthis can be done without reloading data throughout each of theillustrated weight registers 172. If only one column or a subset ofcolumns is used, weights can be loaded without streaming data throughcolumns that may not be used. This may save both area and power. Oncedata has been loaded, multiplexers 192 may be utilized to provideparticular data (e.g., data from a particular set of weight registers172) to be multiplied.

As illustrated in FIG. 18 , the technique described above with respectto FIG. 17 can be expanded to address weight registers 172independently. In other words, rather than sending weights to be loadedto a row 170 of weight registers 172, the address decoder 196 mayprovide weights to a specific weight registers 172 rather than aparticular row of weight registers 172.

Moreover, multiple registers for any row can be loaded in parallel. Thiscan be done by the address decoder 196 in embodiments illustrated inFIGS. 17 and 18 or, when using sequential loading (e.g., embodimentsillustrated in FIGS. 15 and 16 ), by enabling load controls in parallel(e.g., load_bb_oneff and load_bb_two_ff in FIGS. 6-8 ). This may beuseful in certain cases, such as were different weight sets are similar,but offset to each other. This is shown below in Tables 1 and 2. InTable 1, both sets of weight registers 172 are loaded with the same data(e.g., weight values W0, W1, and W2) in parallel. In Table 2, the secondset is offset from the first by one new weight value W3.

TABLE 1 Initial Parallel Load Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 W2 W1 W0 W2 W1W0

TABLE 2 Offset Parallel Load Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 W2 W1 W0 W3 W2W1

Returning briefly to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the weights (e.g., columnvalues) may be multiplied by incoming data (e.g., row values) by themultiplier blocks 200, which, may include several multipliers (e.g.,four or six multipliers) that generate partial products. For instance,FIG. 19 is a block diagram of a portion of FIG. 5A showing a first stageof circuitry that may be included in the DSP block 26 and used todetermine the partial products for a particular column. As illustrated,circuitry 202 may provide inputs to multipliers 204, which may determinepartial products by multiplying the inputs by other values (e.g.,weights). In the illustrated example, partial products from ten INT8multipliers (e.g., multipliers 204) are summed. More specifically, fourpartial products generated by each multiplier 204 are then compressed bya series of 3-2 compressors (e.g., adders 206 and multiplexer 208 thatmay be included in compression circuitry 210 of FIG. 5A). In otherembodiments, other types of compression or compression circuitry may beutilized (e.g., 4-2 compressors). The circuitry 202 may includeregisters and wires that enable data from the inputs 152, 154 to beprovided to the multipliers 204, thereby enabling many inputs to berouted as desired to perform various determinations (e.g.,multiplication operations). Thus, the circuitry 202 enables the virtualbandwidth expansion structure 100 to be implemented.

Returning to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, compressed data (e.g., redundantvectors) may be summed by adders 220 (e.g., carry-propagate adders) togenerate a single number output. A fixed-point to floating-pointconversion circuit 222 may convert the output of the adder 220 into afloating point value. For example, the fixed-point to floating-pointconversion circuit 222 may convert a twenty-bit dot product resultdetermined by the adder 220 into a single-precision (e.g., FP32) valueusing the shared exponents values that the fixed-point to floating-pointconversion circuit 222 receives.

The tensor processing block 150 also includes FP32 adders 240 (e.g.,single-precision floating-point adders). In other embodiments,floating-point adders having other levels of precision may be utilized.The FP32 adder 240 can be used as a cascade summation operation or anaccumulator for each column of data. That is, the FP32 adder 240 mayreceive values from another DSP block 26 and add the received values tovalues generated by the fixed-point to floating-point conversion circuit222 to generate another value (e.g., a single-precision floating-pointvalue). The FP32 adder 240 may also output another value, such as abfloat24 floating-point value indicative of the product of amultiplication operation performed by the DSP block 26. Additionally, itshould be noted that registers (e.g., pipeline stages) may be insertedat a number of places in the datapath to provide the used area/frequencytradeoff.

The DSP block 26 (and tensor processing block 150) may function inseveral different modes. As discussed in more detail below, these modesinclude a tensor mode, a vector mode, and a scalar mode. To helpexplain, FIG. 20 is a block diagram of another stage of the tensorprocessing block 150 (e.g., “ds_stage3” of FIG. 5B). In each of themodes, inputs may be multiplexed based on the mode of operation tocontrol which data the FP32 adder 240 receives. For example, the FP32adder 240 can receive a cascade input (i.e., the output from another DSPblock 26 communicatively coupled to the DSP block 26), an input directlyfrom the input of the DSP block 26 (e.g., when operating in a scalarmode), or from the (registered) output of the FP32 adder 240 as a firstinput when the FP32 adder 240 is used as an accumulator. The FP32 adder240 may accept data from the dot product or directly from the input ofthe DSP block 26 (e.g., when operating in the scalar mode).Additionally, the inputs to the FP32 adder 240 can also be zeroed, whichcan be used to reset the FP32 adder 240 (e.g., when functioning as anaccumulator).

Bearing this in mind, the tensor mode of operation will now bediscussed. In the tensor mode, each of the columns of weight registersmay be active with pre-loaded weights. Generally, this mode may be usedwith a number of DSP blocks 26 cascaded, meaning the subsequent DSPblocks 26 may perform a fixed or floating point addition operation onvalues received from a previous DSP block 26, and the last DSP block 26(or two) in a cascade chain is used as a tensor accumulator. Asdiscussed below, the tensor mode of operation may be utilized to addfloating-point or fixed-point values.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of the DSP block 26 when used infloating-point tensor mode, with three columns of 80-bit weights and8-bit shared exponents first preloaded (e.g., as described above). Theactivations are then fed in from data_in[79:0] such that each column ofweights receive the same activations at the same time. Three DOT engines(represented by block 260) start to calculate signed 20-bit fixed-pointDOT products simultaneously. The output of each DOT product is convertedto 32-bit floating-point operands, as discussed above, and adjusted by ashared_exponent[7:0]. These three FP32 values are then either added totheir respective FP32 values from the cascade_data_in[95:0] bus, or theprevious cycle's accumulation value, by FP32 adder 240. The outputs ofthe FP32 adder 240 can either be sent out to the fabric (e.g., in abfloat24 data format via outputs 268) or cascaded to the next DSP block26 in the chain via outputs 270.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of the DSP block 26 when used in fixed-pointtensor mode. Similar to the fixed-point tensor mode, three columns of80-bit weights are first preloaded. The activations are then fed in fromdata_in[79:0] and the three DOT engines (represented by block 260) startto calculate the signed 20-bit fixed-point DOT products simultaneously.The output of each DOT product is then either added to their respective32-bit fixed-point values from the cascade_data_in[95:0] bus, or theprevious cycle's accumulation value, by adder 220 (e.g., in combinationwith 3-2 compressor). The outputs of the adder 220 can either be sentout to the fabric in a (25-bit) fixed-point data format or cascaded tothe next DSP block 26 in the chain via cascade_data_out[95:0].

Continuing with the discussion of the modes of operation, vector mode issimilar to tensor mode except that only a single column of weightregisters is active, and both inputs come from outside of the DSP block26. In other words, weights may not be preloaded as with the tensor modeof operation. Because the number of inputs may be limited whileoperating in the vector mode, only half of the column may be used. Forexample, if each column has ten multipliers, the vector mode ofoperation may utilize five of the multipliers because the weights aredirectly input. In other words, the weights, when operating in vectormode, will be taken from the pins normally used for the data input ofthe multipliers not being used in this mode. The multipliers are summedand flow through the fixed-point to floating point conversion circuitry222, and then into the FP32 adder 240. FIGS. 21 and 22 , in addition toillustrating operation of the DSP block 26 in tensor mode, alsoillustrate operation of the DSP block 26 when operating in vector mode.

Returning briefly to FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the scalar mode of operationisolates either one multiplier per column or only the FP32 adder 240. Inother words, when operating in scalar mode, a single row of weightregisters may be utilized, for example, when performing multiplicationoperations. Alternatively, the scalar mode may be used to utilize theFP32 adders 240. Therefore, either three INT8 values (i.e., 8-bitfixed-point values) or up to 3 floating-point adders can be supported.When utilizing bfloat16 values, three adders are available. Two addersare available when using bfloat24 values, and one adder is availablewhen using FP32 values. The number of adders that can be utilizeddepends on the precision of the values to be added due to the amount ofinput/output wires available to send and receive the values.

As noted above, the DSP blocks 26 may be used in a cascade chain, whereone a value for a column determined by a DSP block 26 is added to anoutput received from a previous DSP block 26 in the cascade chain. Thelast block of the chain may be configured as an accumulator block, forexample, when multiplication operations involving relatively largematrices are performed by blocking the DSP blocks 26.

FIG. 23 illustrates an example dataflow into and through a last DSPblock 26C configured as an accumulator block. As illustrated, the DSPblock 26C may receive data that are outputs of other DSP blocks (e.g.,DSP blocks 26A, 26B). Direct accumulation in which all three tensors areaccumulated in a single block may provide bfloat24 or bfloat16 sums. Theaccumulation values are stored may be stored outside of the DSP block 26in soft logic (represented by buffers 290). In other words, the outputsof many DSP blocks 26 may be summed and result in a final value that hasa bfloat24 or bfloat16 format. In other embodiments, other data formats(e.g., data formats having twenty-four or fewer than twenty-four bits)may be utilized.

Accumulation can also be performed using single-precision floating-pointvalues (e.g., FP32 values). As illustrated in FIG. 24 , two accumulatorsare implemented using DSP block 26C. A third chain is forwarded toanother DSP block 26D for the final accumulation. The accumulated valuesare stored and managed in soft logic outside the DSP block 26, such asin buffers 290. In particular, the other DSP block 26D may be utilizeddue to the size of the values (e.g., FP32 values) being added and thenumber of input/output wires available on the DSP block 26. In otherwords, relative to the accumulation illustrated in FIG. 23 using lessprecise data types (e.g., bfloat24 or bfloat16 values), accumulationinvolving single-precision floating-point values utilizes moreinput/output wires, and the amount of input/output wires to be utilizedmay be more than single DSP block 26 includes. Thus, to accumulatelarger values (e.g., FP32 values or other types of values more precisethan bfloat24 values), multiple DSP blocks 26 can be utilized. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment, each DSP block 26 includesseventy-two output wires. Thus, each DSP block 26 can output up to three24-bit values (e.g., bfloat24) or up to two FP32 values.

As indicated above, the DSP block 26 may be utilized for severalapplications, such as to perform operations associated with artificialintelligence (e.g., machine learning) and digital signal processing. Forexample, as described above, the DSP blocks 26 may performmultiplication operations (e.g., matrix-matrix multiplication,vector-vector multiplication, and vector-matrix multiplication)involving relatively low precision values, such as four-bit or eight-bitvalues. As described below, the DSP blocks 26 may be utilized to performhigher precision multiplication operations, such as multiplicationoperations involving data having fifteen or sixteen bits. In particular,the DSP blocks 26 may be used to emulate different components of largermultipliers, larger precision dot products, and larger precision complexmultiplications. To that end, end users may be able to mix AI and DSPapplications on the same device (e.g., the integrated circuit device12). In some cases, such as when the integrated circuit device 12 is anFPGA, the efficiency of the DSP block 26 can provide approximately tentimes higher density denser compared to typical digital signalprocessing for similar precision. Accordingly, the DSP block 26 iswell-suited for both AI applications as well as digital signalprocessing applications.

Bearing this in mind, FIG. 25 is a block diagram of the integratedcircuit device 12. As illustrated, the integrated circuit device 12,which may be a programmable logic device (PLD) such as an FPGA, includespre-processing circuitry 300, DSP blocks 26, and post-processingcircuitry 310. The pre-processing circuitry 300 may perform variousoperations on data and provide the data to the DSP blocks 26. Forexample, the pre-processing circuitry 300 may split incoming data intolower precision data types. For instance, a sixteen-bit data value maybe split into two values having fewer bits (e.g., seven or eight bits).The pre-processing circuitry 300 may provide values the DSP blocks 26,such as the weighs discussed above as well as values that will bemultiplied by the weights. The post-processing circuitry 310 may receiveoutputs of the DSP blocks 26 and perform mathematical operations on thereceived data. For example, the post-processing circuitry 310 may be anadder or accumulator that can determine the sum of values received fromthe DSP blocks 26. The pre-processing circuitry 300 and post-processingcircuitry 310 are discussed in more detail below, as are multiplicationoperations involving fifteen and sixteen-bit values.

Continuing with the drawings, FIG. 26 is a block diagram representativeof a tensor block 330 that can be implemented using the DSP block 26.The tensor block 330 generally corresponds to the tensor processingblock 150 of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B. The tensor block 330 packs manysmaller precision multipliers in the space of a traditional DSP blockthat may be included in the integrated circuit device 12, including, butnot limited to, embodiments in which the integrated circuit device 12 isan FPGA. As discussed above, weights are preloaded, and activations areshared across multiple columns, each of which implements a DOT product.Three columns or dot products are provided. In one case, each DOTconsists of the sum of ten INT8 multipliers (e.g., signed 8-bit×8-bitmultiplication operations). The output of the tensor block 330 may bethree fixed point numbers (e.g., the result of ten INT8 multiplicationsmay use a 20-bit output per column). Alternatively, the result can beconverted to floating-point, as also discussed above.

The tensor blocks 330 can also be cascaded in series. This cascade maybe in fixed-point (with, for example, a 32-bit word to allow multipleblocks to be cascaded, and optionally accumulated). The cascade may alsobe in floating point, where a 32 bit (such as IEEE754 single-precisionfloating point) floating point value is used. Dedicated cascade bussescan support large bus widths more efficiently than the busses into theprogrammable fabric, where additional multiplexing may be involved tosupport the flexible nature of the integrated circuit device 12.

INT8 (optionally with shared exponents) values are useful for deeplearning inference, but more limited for deep learning training. TheINT8 tensor block may also have limited utility for regular signalprocessing applications in which higher precision data values may moretypically be used. Integer precisions closer to INT16 (C short) or FP32(or FP24) would be useful for these applications. However, supportingthese data types in the DSP block 26 would increase area and complexityto the point where the DSP block 26 could be too large to include on theintegrated circuit device 12 efficiently. Bearing this in mind,performing multiplication operations involving higher precision datatypes using the DSP blocks 26 is discussed below. Indeed, rather thanexpand the size of the tensor block 330 to perform such multiplicationoperations, the DSP block 26 may be virtually expanded to enable thesemultiplication operations to be performed.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram illustrating a construction of an INT15vector multiplier that can be implemented using the DSP block 26. Inother words, the DSP block 26 may be utilized to perform multiplicationoperations involving INT15 values. An INT15 number can be decomposedinto two halves—an eight-bit upper value and a seven-bit lower value.The pre-processing circuitry 300 may perform such a decomposition. TheINT15 multiplication is then performed using four eight-bitmultiplication operations. For example, {a, b} and {c, d} may be twoINT15 values, where ‘a’ and ‘c’ are signed eight-bit values and ‘b’ and‘d’ are unsigned seven-bit values. In this example, the product of thesevalues is (ac<<14)+((ad+cb)<<7)+bd, with “<<x” indicating that valuesare a magnitude of x bits different than the magnitude of ‘bd.’ Thelower two values (e.g., least significant values remaining aftersplitting an initial INT15 values) are represented as unsigned numbers,which may involve setting the most significant bit of each eight-bitinput to be set to ‘0’. Due to some of the values being signed andothers being unsigned, depending on the values being multiplied,products may be signed, unsigned, or mixed sign partial products.

Because the tensor block 330 includes dot products, the maximumefficiency of the larger multipliers may be achieved by implementing DOTproducts. The values ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ represent vectors of arraysof ‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’, and ‘d’, respectively. In one case, multiple tensorsare supported, where up to three vectors of ‘C’ and ‘D’ are pre-loaded,and then multiplied with the same vector of ‘A’ and ‘B’. In other words,‘C’ and ‘D’ may be used as weights that are preloaded into two column ofweight registers of the DSP block 26, up to three different sets ofweights (e.g., C1-C3 and D1-D3) may be used, and ‘A’ and B′ may bemultiplied by the weights in the manner described above. In anotherembodiment, such as when operating in vector mode, a single DOT productmay be used, with ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’ input simultaneously.

In the illustrated embodiment, four DSP blocks 26 are used, and each DSPblock 26 is independent of one another (e.g., not cascaded to other DSPblocks 26). Outputs (e.g., which correspond to values determined byadding circuitry of the DSP blocks 26 such as adders 220 or FP32 adders240) may be shifted relative to each other using shifter circuitry 350,and then summed using an adder 360, both of which may be included in thepost-processing circuitry 310. Additionally, the adder 360 may beimplemented in soft logic of the integrated circuit device 12. In otherwords, the decimal place associated with two of the DSP blocks 26E-26Hmay be shifted using the shifter circuitry 350 so that sums generated bythe DSP blocks 26E-26H share a common exponent and can be summed theadder 360.

This scheme can be expanded to larger or smaller versions ofmulti-component multiplication. For example, a 22-bit signed multipliercould be implemented with a decomposition of {a, b, c}*{d, e, f}, or(ad<<28)+((de+bd)<<21)+((af+be+cd)<<14)+((bf+ce)<<7)+cf, where ‘a’ and‘d’ are eight-bit signed values, and ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘e’, and ‘f’ areseven-bit unsigned values.

Unsigned numbers, such as fourteen-bit unsigned multiplications using adecomposition into only seven-bit unsigned values can also beimplemented. Asymmetric multiplications, such as multiplicationoperations between fifteen-bit and eight-bit numbers can also beimplemented. In this case the fifteen-bit multiplicand value is {a, b},where ‘a’ is an eight-bit signed value, ‘b’ is a seven-bit unsignednumbers, and the eight-bit multiplier value is signed. Many othercombinations can be assembled this way.

Continuing with the drawings, FIG. 28 illustrates a multiplicationoperation in which three columns 102 of four DSP blocks 26 are utilized.In particular, weights C1 and D1 are loaded into a first column 102A, C2and D2 are loaded into a second column 102B, and C3 and D3 are loadedinto a third column 102C. Values A and B may then be streamed througheach of the DSP blocks 26, which may then generate sums (e.g., 24-bitnumbers). Post-processing circuitry 310 may receive the outputs of theDSP blocks 26, shift values as described above, and then determine a sumusing adders 360. In other words, the values for each column 102 may beprovided to a particular portion of the post-processing circuitry 310and then summed.

However, this embodiment still depicts the DSP blocks 26 beingindependent of one another. In other words, cascading is not beingutilized. However, in some embodiments, cascading may be utilized. Forinstance, although the logical additions in FIG. 28 show all four vectoror tensor components being summed in soft logic (e.g., by thepost-processing circuitry 310), components with the same rank (bitpositions) could be summed by cascading the DSP blocks 26 containing thecomponents having the same rank. Accordingly, only three externalcomponents would be summed when cascading is used. An example ofmultiple vectors being added via cascading is shown in illustrated inFIG. 29 . In particular, two vectors (e.g., ad and cb) are summed bycascading. Therefore, the post-processing circuitry 310 may only receiveand sum three inputs.

The vector/tensor components may have wordgrowth over the naturalmultiplier size. For example, the low component (b*d) could have fourbits of wordgrowth within a single DSP block 26, which could overlap theother component (e.g., a*c) ranges. This is shown in FIG. 30 . Morespecifically, FIG. 30 illustrates the alignment of the three components(e.g., in cases in which the middle two components are already added viacascading, such as shown in FIG. 29 ).

A first portion 400 of FIG. 30 illustrates the alignment of a singlemultiplier component. In particular, section 402A may correspond to asingle multiplication operation performed when calculating (A*C),section 404A may correspond to a single multiplication operationperformed when calculating (B*D), and section 406A may correspond to thesum of a single multiplication operation performed when calculating(A*D) and a single multiplication operation performed when calculating(B*C). A second portion 410 of FIG. 30 shows the alignment of the threecomponents of several multipliers, with wordgrowth extensions 412. Inother words, section 402B corresponds to (A*C), section 404B correspondsto (B*D), and section 406B corresponds to the sum of (A*D) and (B*C).Due to the wordgrowth extensions 412, the sections 402B, 404B overlap asillustrated in the second portion 410 of FIG. 30 . The wordgrowthextension 412 of the lower component (b*d) can be compressed from threebits into two bits using a 3-2 compressor (as indicated by block 418 ina third section 420 of FIG. 30 ). Additionally, space for the mostsignificant carry bit of this compression can be made by using a 2-2compressor 430 on the portions of the two remaining two components(e.g., A*C and the sum of (A*D) and (B*C)), as indicated by section 420.Additionally, it should be noted that more complicated overlaps occurwhere more components used, such as in embodiments in which INT22 valuesare used. Compression strategies providing a higher level of compressionmay be used before performing a final summation.

As discussed above, cascading may be employed. Cascading may be moreefficient than when cascading is not used. An example in which cascadingis utilized is illustrated in FIG. 31 , which is representative of fourDSP blocks 26 that are communicatively coupled to another. Inparticular, shared exponents (e.g., values of either zero or seven asindicated in FIG. 31 ) may be utilized when converting a fixed-point sumto a floating-point value. For instance, a bias point of a sum providedto fixed-point to floating-point conversion circuitry 222 may beadjusted based on the values of the shared exponents that thefixed-point to floating-point conversion circuitry 222 also receives.Floating-point values may be provided (e.g., as cascaded outputs) tosubsequent DSP blocks 26, which may determine a sum between a receivedfloating-point value and a floating-point value generated by thefixed-point to floating-point conversion circuitry 222 For example,adders 440 in FIG. 31 correspond to the FP32 adders of the DSP block 26illustrated in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B.

Keeping the discussion of FIG. 31 in mind, FIG. 32 illustrates two typesof vector multipliers implementable using floating-point cascades. Inarrangement 460, the vectors are grouped by their rank values. In otherwords, vectors are grouped based on the sum of the values of the sharedexponents associated with the values being multiplied. In arrangement470, the ranks are mixed on a DSP block by DSP block basis. In thearrangement 470, ranks may be shifted as described above with respect toFIG. 31 . In either case, both of the arrangements 460, 470 may beutilized. Additionally, it should be noted that although each of the ‘b’and ‘d’ inputs are eight bits, they are the unsigned lower values asdescribed above. Accordingly, each of the ‘b’ and ‘d’ inputs include aseven-bit unsigned value having a most significant bit of zero.

The DSP blocks 26 may also be utilized to perform multiplicationoperations involving complex values. In particular, FIGS. 33 and 34illustrate how an INT15 complex vector multiple can be implemented withmultiple DSP blocks 26. More specifically, FIGS. 33 and 34 illustratehow a product of {a+bj} and {c+dj} can be determined, where {a+bj} and{c+dj} are each fifteen-bit values. As illustrated, a total of fourcolumns are used. In particular, columns 102E, 102H are utilized todetermine the real component of the product, and columns 102F, 102G areutilized to determine the imaginary components. For example, in columns102E, 102F the ‘C’ and ‘D’ vectors may be pre-loaded as weights, and the‘A’ vector may be an input that streamed across the DSP blocks 26. Forcolumns 102G, 102H ‘(−D)’ and the ‘C’ vectors are pre-loaded weights andthe ‘B’ vector may be streamed across the DSP blocks 26. The ‘(−D)’values may be pre-calculated, or the negation can be applied as thevalues are loaded as weights. Each set of columns (e.g., a first set ofcolumns 102E, 102H associated with real components and another set ofcolumns 102F, 102G associated with the imaginary components) may beadded using an adder of a DSP block 26, such as the FP32 adder 240

While the examples of multiplication operations discussed above includeoperations involving fifteen-bit values, each of the examples involvingfifteen-bit multipliers can be utilized to perform multiplicationoperations involving other data types, such as FP23 multiplier analogueswith shared exponents.

Furthermore, the DSP blocks 26 may be utilized to perform multiplicationoperations involving sixteen-bit values, which may be utilized forartificial intelligence determinations (e.g., machine leaning inferencedeterminations) and when performing digital signal processing. Asdiscussed below, multiplication operations involving sixteen-bit values(e.g., sixteen-bit integer values) may be performed by dividing valuesto be multiplied into signed byte pairs. However, before discussingsigned byte pairs, slicing will first be discussed.

As discussed above, to perform multiplication involving values that arewider than the native width of the circuitry utilized to perform themultiplication operation, the values to be multiplied may be split intoseveral lower-precision values (e.g., splitting a fifteen-bit value intoa signed eight-bit value and an unsigned seven-bit value as discussedabove). These resulting values may be called “slices.” To determine theproduct of two values, slices may be generated, the slices may bemultiplied, and products of the multiplication operations involving theslices may be summed (with values shifted as appropriate to account forvalues having different exponents).

As another example, if a and b are sixteen-bit numbers, a and b can eachbe divided into two eight-bit slices. That is a, can be divided intoslices a₁ and a₀, where a=(a₁<<8)+a₀. That is, a is equal to the sum ofa₀ and a₁ shifted to the left eight places. Similarly, b, can be dividedinto slices b₁ and b₀, where b=(b₁<<8)+b₀. Additionally, it should benoted that a₁ and b₁ are signed while a₀ and b₀ are unsigned. In thisexample, the product of a and b may be given according to Equation 1listed below:a*b=((a ₁ *b ₁)<<16)+(((a ₁ *b ₀)+(a ₀ *b ₁))<<8)+(a ₀ *b ₀)   Equation1

Similarly, if A and B are vectors that include sixteen-bit numbers, thescalar product (or dot product) of A and B can be calculated bit-slicingeach vector, then calculating scalar products for the slices:A·B=((A ₁ ·B ₁)<<16)+(((A ₁ ·B ₀)+(A ₀ ·B ₁))<<8)+(A ₀ ·B ₀)   Equation2Where A₁ and A₀ are the slices of A, and B₁ and B₀ are the slices of B.

Slicing values according to Equations 1 and 2 may be impractical though.For instance, multiplying a₀ and b₀ may require an unsigned multiplier(e.g., unsigned eight-bit multiplier circuitry). Moreover, mixed signmultipliers may be needed to determine the product of a₁ and b₀ as wellas the product of b₁ and a₀. However, hardware that is typicallyoptimized to perform machine learning inference operations (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), or graphics processing unit (GPU) may notbe configured to perform unsigned multiplication, mixed signmultiplication, or both unsigned and mixed sign multiplication. Tocircumvent this, values may be sliced into one eight-bit slice and oneseven-bit slice. For instance, a can be divided into slices a₁ and a₀,where a=(a₁<<7)+a₀, and b can be divided into slices b₁ and b₀, whereb=(b₁<<7)+b₀. This type of slicing is generally what is described abovewith respect to fifteen-bit values. Additionally, the product of a and bcan be given according to Equation 3:a*b=((a ₁ *b ₁)<<14)+(((a ₁ *b ₀)+(a ₀ *b ₁))<<7)+(a ₀ *b ₀)   Equation3

In this modified scheme, each multiplication operation can be performedusing signed 8-bit multipliers. For instance, any unsigned arguments arefirst zero-extended to eight bits. However, when using this scheme, aand b are 15 bits wide, while many quantities encountered whenperforming digital signal processing are 16 bits wide. Furthermore, itshould be noted that this scheme can accommodate wider operands (e.g.,operands wider than 15 bits) by using more slices. For instance, usingthree slices each for a and b would result in a 22-bit multiplier.However, this approach would call for more 8-bit multipliers to be used.

To enable the DSP blocks 26 to perform multiplication operationsinvolving sixteen-bit values, thereby enabling the DSP blocks 26 to beable to efficiently perform when used for artificial intelligence anddigital signal processing applications, an alternative representation ofintegers may be used: signed byte tuples. A signed byte tuple is acollection of 8-bit signed slices. Each tuple represents an integer. Forexample, a sixteen-bit integer a can be represented by the signed bytepair (a₁, a₀) (where (a₁<<8)+a₀=a). As another example, a signed bytetriple of (aa, a₁, a₀) can be used, which represents(a₂<<16)+(a₁<<8)+a₀. Larger tuples that include more slices (e.g., four,five, or more than five slices) may also be used. In other words, signedbyte tuples are not limited to including only two or three slices.

Because the slices of signed byte tuples are signed, the range of valuesthat can be represented is different than the range of values that canbe represented with a value is sliced into signed and unsigned values.For example, a conventional 16-bit number can represent integers in therange [−2¹⁵, 2¹⁵−1] (i.e., −32768 to 32767), while a signed byte pair(i.e., a signed byte tuple having two slices) can represent integers inthe range [−2¹⁵−2⁷, 2¹⁵−2⁷−1]. The largest signed byte pair is (127,127), which represents 32639, while the smallest signed byte pair is(−128, −128), which represents −32896. To determine the product of twointegers a and b, Equation 1 may be utilized. However, in this case,each of the values a₁, a₀, b₁, and b₀ is a signed eight-bit value.Because a₀ and b₀ are signed when employing signed byte tuples, eachindividual multiplication operation can be performed using signed 8-bitmultipliers.

Keeping in mind that the range of values that can be represented usingsigned byte tuples (e.g., signed byte pairs) different from the range ofvalues that exists when using signed and unsigned slices, the conversionof signed integers to signed byte tuples will now be discussed.Converting a signed 16-bit integer into a signed byte pair whilepreserving its value can be achieved by splitting the integer intoslices a₁ and a₀, where a₁ is signed, and a₀ is unsigned. If the valueof a₀ is less than 128, when the signed byte pair representation of a is(a₁ and a₀). Otherwise, the signed byte pair representation of a is(a₁+1, a₀−256). In other words, 256 (i.e., 2⁸) may be added to a₁ toaccount for 256 being subtracted from a₀. It should be noted that(a₀−256) as a signed byte has the same bit-pattern as the representationof a₀ as an unsigned byte. No physical operation is performed on thelower byte (i.e., a₀).

However, as noted above, the range of values represented by signed bytetuples (e.g., signed byte pairs), differs from the range of conventionalsixteen-bit values. This means that a few 16-bit integers (i.e.,relatively high values) cannot be represented as standard base pairsthat maintain the same value as the initial 16-bit value. Beforediscussing mapping of integers to signed byte tuples, it should be notedthat similar procedures exist to convert wider signed integers intosigned byte tuples (e.g., when the signed byte tuple maintains the samevalue as the integer from which the signed byte tuple is derived).

Rather than attempting to preserve the exact value of a 16-bit integervalue a when it is mapped to a signed byte pair, a mapping that enablesthe entire range of such integers to be represented as signed byte pairsmay be employed. Such a mapping, f(a), can be implemented by splitting a16-bit integers into 8-bit slices a₁ and a₀, where a₁ is signed, and a₀is unsigned, where:f(a)=(a ₁ ,a ₀−128)   Equation 4

Thus, the value represented by the standard byte pair f(a) is (a−128).It should be noted that the representation of (a₀−128) as a signed bytehas the same bit-pattern as the representation of a₀ as an unsigned byteexcept for the most significant bit, which is inverted. Accordingly,this mapping can be implemented using a single NOT gate.

Mapping larger signed integers can also be performed. For example, whena is a 24-bit signed integer, a can be represented by a signed bytetriple by splitting a into 8-bit slices a₂, a₁, and a₀, where a₂ issigned, and a₁ and a₀ are unsigned. For a signed byte triple:f(a)=(a ₂ ,a ₁−128,a ₀−128)   Equation 5In this case, the value represented by the signed byte triple is(a−2¹⁵−2⁷). Additionally, it should be noted that wider integers can bemapped to signed byte tuples in a similar way.

When performing multiplication using signed byte tuples, the signed bytetuple for a may be given using (a₁ and a₀) or (a₁+1, a₀−256) dependingon the value of a₀, as discussed above. A signed byte tuple for a valuex being multiplied by given using the Equation 4, with a beingsubstituted for x. For example, to determine a product of a and x inwhich a is a known 16-bit integer and x is an unknown 16-bit integer,signed byte tuples may be used. The value-preserving conversion to map ato the signed byte pair (a₁, a₀) or (a₁+1, a₀−256) can be used becausethe value of a is known. However, Equation 4 would be used to generatethe signed byte tuple for x because x could potentially be a value thatis outside of the range that a signed byte pair can provide. In otherwords, x can be mapped to a signed byte pair by determining to f(x), inwhich case the signed byte pair will be equivalent to (x−128). Once themapping of a and x into signed byte pairs has occurred, the product ofthe signed byte pairs, when multiplied would be equal to the product ofa and (x−128), which is equivalent to the product of a and x minus theproduct of 128 and a. To find the product of a and x, the product of 128and a can be added to that value. However, because 128 is a power oftwo, the product of 128 and 2 can be calculated as (a<<7). Therefore, noextra multiplication operations are required to determine (128*a) thatwill be added the product of the signed byte pairs. As such, the productof a and x can be given as:a*x=((a ₁)<<16)+(((a ₁ *x ₀)+(a ₀ *x ₁))<<8)+(a ₀ *x ₀)+(a<<7)  Equation 6where (a₁, a₀) is the signed byte pair representation of a, and (x₁, x₀)is the signed byte pair representation of x.

Bearing this in mind, an example multiplication will now be discussed.In this example, a is equal to 5001, and x is equal to −763. Signed bytepairs of a and x can be determined as discussed above. For example,converting 5001 into two eight-bit slices in which a₁ is signed and a₀is unsigned would give a signed byte pair of (19, 137) (i.e., 19×2⁸+128equals 5001). However, because a₀ has a value of 137, which is not lessthan 128, the signed byte pair for a that will be used to perform themultiplication a and x is (20, −119). Before continuing to discuss x, itshould be noted that 137 as an unsigned 8-bit integer has the samebit-pattern as −119 as a signed 8-bit integer.

To determine the signed by pair for x, f(x) is determined. Thus, thesigned byte pair for x having a value of −763 will be (−3, −123), whichis equivalent to −891 (i.e., −3*2⁸−123), which is equal to x−128. Thisgives the following partial products:a ₁ *x ₁=20*−3=−60;a ₁ *x ₀=20*−123=−2460;a ₀ *x ₁=−119*−3=357;a ₀ *x ₀=−119*−123=14637

Substituting these partial products into Equation 6 gives:a*x=((−60)<<16)+((−2460+357)<<8)+14637+(5001<<7)which can be reduced to:a*x=−3932160+−538368+14637+640128=−3815763Thus, Equation 6 gives that the product of a and x is −3815763, which isindeed the product of 5001 and −763.

Signed byte pairs can also be utilized to determine scalar products(also known as dot products). For example, if A=<a₁> is a vector ofknown 16-bit integers and X=<x₁> is a vector of unknown 16-bit values,the scalar product of A and X is:A·X=Σ _(i)(a _(i) *x _(i))   Equation 7

The scalar product of A and X can also be determined as:A·X=Σ _(i)(a _(i)*(x _(i) −k))+Σ_(i)(a _(i) *k)=Σ_(i)(a _(i)*(x _(i)−k))+k*Σ _(i) a _(i)   Equation 8where k=128 for sixteen-bit integers.

Because k is known, each value of (x_(i)−k) can be represented as asigned byte pair. Additionally, the value (k*Σ_(i)a_(i)) will be a knownvalue because both each of a is known, as is k. Thus, to determine thescalar product of A and X can be determined by bit-slicing each a andmapping each x_(i) to a signed byte pair such that a_(i)=(a1_(i),a0_(i)) and f(x_(i))=(x1_(i), x0_(i)), thereby forming the bit-slicedvectors (A₁, A₀) and (X₁, X₀), where A₁=<a1_(i)>, A₀=<a0_(i)>,X₁=≤x1_(i)>, and X₀=<x0_(i)>. Thus:A·X=((A ₁ ·X ₁)<<16)+((A ₁ ·X ₀))<<8)+A ₀ ·X ₀ +K   Equation 9where K=k*Σ_(i)a_(i). As such, a native signed 8-bit scalar productoperation for each of the 8-bit scalar products can be given.

Additionally, a similar technique may be utilized to performmultiplication operations involving complex numbers. For instance, in ascenario in which a equals (a₀, j·a₁) and x equals x₀, j·x₁), theimaginary part of the result can be given as (a₁*x₀+a₀*x₁). Using thetechniques discussed above, this is equal to the scalar product of <a₁,a₀> and <x₀, x₁>. For the real part of product, the result is(a₀*x₀−a₁*x₁), which is equal to the scalar product of <a₀, −a₁> and<x₀, x₁>.

Continuing with the discussion of performing multiplication operationsusing signed byte tuples, there may be cases where a sixteen-bit integercannot be converted directly from a normal binary representation of theinteger to a signed byte tuple representation such as a signed bytepair. For instance, when the value of a lies outside the range of[−2¹⁵−2¹⁵−2⁷−1] (e.g., an integer relatively high in value), a may notbe convertible to a signed byte tuple using the techniques discussedabove. However, because a lies in the range [2¹⁵−2⁷, 2¹⁵−1], −a will beconvertible into a signed byte tuple. Accordingly, for values of afalling outside the range of [−2^(1s)−2⁷, 2¹⁵−2⁷−1], the negative valueof a can be used in place of a. Additionally, a different mapping, g(x)can be used (e.g., instead of f(x)):g(x)=−x−(k+1)   Equation 10where k has a value of 128 (i.e., 2⁷) for signed byte pairs and a valueof 32896 (i.e., 2¹⁵+2⁷) for signed byte triples.

Like values determined using f(x), values of g(x) can be representedusing signed byte tuples (e.g., signed byte pairs). Applying the mappingg(x) to the binary representation of a 16-bit value produces a signedbyte pair representation where each bit of x, except the mostsignificant bit of the lower byte (e.g., x₀), have been inverted. Thismapping can also be implemented using NOT gates.

Furthermore, because (a*x)=(−a*−x), the product of a and x can be givenas:a*x=−a*(−x−(k+1))+−a*(k+1)   Equation 11where k is 128 for signed byte pairs. Additionally, the product of a andx can be given as:a*x=((a ₁ *x ₁)<<16)+(((a ₁ *x ₀)+(a ₀ *x ₁))<<8)+(a ₀ *x ₀)+K  Equation 12where (a₁, a₀) is the signed byte pair representation of −a, (x₁,x₀)=g(x), and K=−a*(k+1), which equals=−129*a. For scalar products(including complex multiplications), a similar adjustment for eachindividual a_(i) can also be made. This affects the constant that willbe added at the end of the calculation (because there is now a sum ofpositive and negative terms). This means that some x_(i) will use thef(x) transformation and others will use the g(x) transformation. Inparticular, whether f(x) or g(x) is used depends on whether a isconvertible to a signed byte tuple. For instance, f(x) can be used whenthe value of a lies in the range [2¹⁵−2⁷, 2¹⁵−1], while g(x) is usedwhen a lies outside of this range. In other words, when a is convertibleinto a signed byte tuple (e.g., signed byte pair), f(x) is used. When ais not convertible into a signed byte tuple (e.g., because the value ofa lies outside of the range [2¹⁵−2⁷, 2¹⁵−1]), −a may be used as a signedbyte tuple, and the function g(x) may be utilized.

Keeping the discussion of signed byte tuples above in mind, theperformance of multiplication operations on DSP block 26 using signedbyte tuples will be discussed. Turning back to FIG. 26 , whichrepresents a single DSP block 26, the DSP block 26 receives a vector often signed bytes during each clock cycle. Each vector corresponds to Xdiscussed above. Each vector may be multiplied by signed bytes that arestored in weight registers of the DSP block 26. For instance, the valuesstored in the weight registers are associated with A discussed above.The DSP block 26 calculates the scalar products of the input vector witheach weight vectors (e.g., values stored in the weight registers). Asdiscussed above, values calculated by the DSP block 26 can be outputimmediately or chained into the next DSP block 26 (e.g., usingcascading), which allows scalar products to be computed for vectorscontaining more than ten elements.

With this in mind, an example in which a 5-element signed byte pairscalar product of A and X will now be discussed. In particular, this canbe done by using <X₁, X₀> into the inputs, storing <A₁, 0> in a firstcolumn 102J of weight registers, storing <A₀, A₁> in a second column102K of weight registers, and storing <0, A₀> in a third column 102L ofweight registers. In this case, X₁ and X₀ are 5-element vectorscontaining the upper and lower bytes of the SBP representation of eachelement of X, where <X₁, X₀> is a 10-element vector containing theconcatenation of the elements of X Additionally, A₁ and A₀ are definedsimilarly. The value “0” is a 5-element vector containing only zeroes.In other words, five weight registers in a column having ten weightregisters may be stored five-element vectors A₁, A0, and 0.

With these values stored as weights (e.g., when the DSP block 26 isoperating in tensor mode), <X₁, X₀> can be streamed across the columnsof weight registers of the columns 102. The first column 102J willgenerate a value S₁, which is equal to the scalar product of A₁ and X₁.The second column 102K will generate a value S₂, which is equal to thesums of the scalar product of: 1) A₀ and X₁ and 2) A₁ and X₀. The thirdcolumn 102L will generate a value S₃, which is equal to the scalarproduct of A₀ and X₀. Thus, the value determined by the DSP block 26 canbe defined as (S₁<<16)+(S₂<<8)+S₃, which can be determined using thepost-processing circuitry 310. The values of S₁, S₂, and S₃ may also becascading to another DSP block for larger scalar products.

However, this discussion generally assumes that the 16-bit inputs <x₁>are already in signed byte pair format. Keeping this in mind, FIG. 35illustrates a block diagram of an embodiment of the integrated circuitdevice 12 that includes the pre-processing circuitry 300, DSP block 26,and post-processing circuitry 310. An input 500, which in this examplewould be the A vector or the X vector (depending on whether weights arebeing loaded or partial products are being determined), can be convertedinto signed byte pair format by the pre-processing circuitry 300. Morespecifically, the pre-processing circuitry 300 includes mapping circuits502 that can convert A and X into signed byte pair format. For instance,A may be converted into a signed byte pair as described above (e.g., byadjusted the sign of each value a_(i) as needed to ensure convertibilityinto a signed byte pair). For X, the mapping circuits 502 may determinewhich mapping function (e.g., f(x) or g(x)) to utilize based on thevalue of a_(i) stored in a weight register that x₁ will be multipliedwith to generate a partial product. Each mapping circuit 502 may performthe mapping for one sixteen-bit integer input.

Continuing with the discussion of the mapping circuits 502, FIG. 36 is ablock diagram of a mapping circuit 502. The mapping circuit 502 mayreceive an input 510 (e.g., a signed sixteen-bit integer). Each bit ofthe input may be provided to a different gate 512 (including gate 512Aand gate 512B) of the mapping circuit 502. In the illustratedembodiment, each of the gates 512 is an XOR gate except for gate 512B(which receives the most significant bit of the lower byte of the input510), which is an XNOR gate. The gates 512 may also receive a value froma control register 514 based on whether f(x) or g(x) is used as themapping function. In other words, the control register 514 may determinewhich mapping to use (based on the value of a_(i)) and output a specificvalue to each gate 512 so that the determined mapping is used. Forinstance, each time a value a_(i) is loaded into the weight registers, avalue may be stored in the control register 514. This value may beupdated each time a new weight is used. The output of the controlregister 514 to the gates 512 may be based on the value stored in thecontrol register 514. Based on the inputs to the gates 512 (e.g., theoutput of the control register 514 and the input 510), the gates 512will generate the bytes of the signed byte representation (e.g., asigned byte pair having an upper byte 516 and a lower byte 518).

However, keeping in mind that the value of each x_(i) may be mapped to avalue that is not equivalent to the original input x_(i), when thesigned byte pairs are stream across the DSP block 26 that has weights(e.g., bits of the signed byte pair representation of A), valuedetermined by the DSP block 26 can be given as (S1<<16)+(S2<<8)+S3+K,where the value of K can be determined when the bits of the signed bytepair representation of A are loaded into the weight registers. The valueof K can be determined using Equation 13 below:K=Σ _(i) h(A _(i))   Equation 13where: A_(i) is the value of the i^(th) element of the vector A beforeconversion to a signed byte pair; h(y)=128*y when y is less than 2¹⁵−2⁷;and h(y)=−129*y when y is not less than 2¹⁵−2⁷.

Returning briefly to FIG. 35 , the post-processing circuitry 310accounts for the output of the DSP block 26 including the value K. Forexample, FIG. 37 is a block diagram of an embodiment of thepost-processing circuitry 310, which receives S1, S₂, and S₃ from theDSP block 26 as inputs, and determine a sum 540 of S1, S₂, and S₃ usingshifting circuitry 542 (which accounts for the S1, S₂, and S₃ havingdifferent radix points) and adders 544. More specifically, a value(e.g., a “K-adjustment factor”) may be stored in an adjustment register546 each time a weight is loaded into a weight register. TheK-adjustment factor is summed with S1, S₂, and S₃ to account for theoutput of the DSP block 26 including K.

Returning again to FIG. 35 , it should be noted that additionaldatapaths may be provided. For example, datapaths used to update thecontrol registers 514 in the mapping circuits 502, K-adjustment factorin the K-adjustment register 546, and the a_(i) coefficients in the DSPblock 26 may also be included. It should also be noted that largerscalar products can be determined by chaining several DSP blocks 26together and by cascading values from DSP blocks 26 to subsequent DSPblocks 26 in the chain. Furthermore, it should be noted that inputs ofthe DSP block 26 illustrated in FIG. 35 may be inputs that are used tostream data across the DSP block 26 or inputs different than those usedto stream data across the DSP block 26. For example, when utilizingcascade weight loading or port weight loading, the DSP block 26 mayreceive the A vector (e.g., as input 500) via separate inputs than thoseused to load the X vector. More specifically, the outputs of thepre-processing circuitry 300 may be received via inputs of the DSP block26 utilized for parallel loading (e.g., the same inputs used to loaddata to be multiplied by the values stored as weights). Thus, byutilizing different inputs, such as inputs utilized in cascade weightloading and port weight loading, the DSP block 26 receives values to bestored as weights (e.g., the A vector) without the values beingprocessed by the pre-processing circuitry 300. In other words, whencascade weight loading and port weight loading are utilizing, thepre-processing circuitry 300 may be bypassed when loading weights.

Parallel weight loading may be performed in several different ways. Forexample, the control registers 514 may temporarily disable the mappingcircuits 502 so that values of weights will not be modified by themapping circuits 502. In another embodiment, the integrated circuitdevice 12 may include additional circuitry to account for values to bemodified by the mapping circuits 502. In other words, the weights beingloaded into the DSP block 26 may be further pre-processed to modify theweights so that the outputs of the mapping circuits 502 are correct. Forexample, as illustrated in FIG. 38 , the pre-processing circuitry 300may include demultiplexers 560 that select route (e.g., based on one ormore values stored in a weight control register 562 communicativelycoupled to the demultiplexers 560) received values to the mappingcircuitry 502 or to pre-mapping circuitry 564. When the input 500 is aweight (e.g., vector A), the demultiplexers 560 route values of theinput 500 to pre-mapping circuitry 564, which output adjusted valuesthat are modified by the mapping circuitry 502 to produce the originalvalues of the input 500. The values are then received by the DSP block26 and stored in the weight registers 172. When the input 500corresponds to values to be multiplied by the weight (e.g., vector X tobe multiplied by vector A) the demultiplexers 560 may directly route thevalues of the input to the mapping circuitry 502, thereby bypassing thepre-mapping circuitry 564.

In other embodiments, the pre-processing circuitry 300 may include otherrouting circuitry (e.g., demultiplexers) that can be utilized to bypassthe mapping circuitry 502, the pre-mapping circuitry 564, and thedemultiplexers 560. For example, when performing multiplication offifteen-bit values (e.g., value {a, b} discussed above), the mappingcircuitry 502 of FIG. 35 as well as the demultiplexers 560, pre-mappingcircuitry 564, and mapping circuitry 502 of FIG. 38 may be bypassed sothat the components of the value (e.g., a and b) can be stored in theweight registers 172 without being modified.

The integrated circuit 12 may include AI specialist DSP blocks 26, whichmay have interfaces to connect to other integrated circuit devices. Inaddition, the integrated circuit device 12 may be a data processingsystem or a component included in a data processing system. For example,the integrated circuit device 12 may be a component of a data processingsystem 570, shown in FIG. 39 . The data processing system 570 mayinclude a host processor 572 (e.g., a central-processing unit (CPU)),memory and/or storage circuitry 574, and a network interface 576. Thedata processing system 570 may include more or fewer components (e.g.,electronic display, user interface structures, application specificintegrated circuits (ASICs)). The host processor 572 may include anysuitable processor, such as an INTEL® Xeon® processor or areduced-instruction processor (e.g., a reduced instruction set computer(RISC), an Advanced RISC Machine (ARM) processor) that may manage a dataprocessing request for the data processing system 570 (e.g., to performencryption, decryption, machine learning, video processing, voicerecognition, image recognition, data compression, database searchranking, bioinformatics, network security pattern identification,spatial navigation, or the like). The memory and/or storage circuitry574 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), oneor more hard drives, flash memory, or the like. The memory and/orstorage circuitry 574 may hold data to be processed by the dataprocessing system 570. In some cases, the memory and/or storagecircuitry 574 may also store configuration programs (bitstreams) forprogramming the integrated circuit device 12. The network interface 576may allow the data processing system 570 to communicate with otherelectronic devices. The data processing system 570 may include severaldifferent packages or may be contained within a single package on asingle package substrate. For example, components of the data processingsystem 570 may be located on several different packages at one location(e.g., a data center) or multiple locations. For instance, components ofthe data processing system 570 may be located in separate geographiclocations or areas, such as cities, states, or countries.

In one example, the data processing system 570 may be part of a datacenter that processes a variety of different requests. For instance, thedata processing system 570 may receive a data processing request via thenetwork interface 576 to perform encryption, decryption, machinelearning, video processing, voice recognition, image recognition, datacompression, database search ranking, bioinformatics, network securitypattern identification, spatial navigation, digital signal processing,or some other specialized task.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the DSP block 26 and data processingsystem 570 may be virtualized. That is, one or more virtual machines maybe utilized to implement a software-based representation of the DSPblock 26 and data processing system 570 that emulates thefunctionalities of the DSP block 26 and data processing system 570described herein. For example, a system (e.g., that includes one or morecomputing devices) may include a hypervisor that manages resourcesassociated with one or more virtual machines and may allocate one ormore virtual machines that emulate the DSP block 26 or data processingsystem 570 to perform multiplication operations and other operationsdescribed herein.

Accordingly, the techniques described herein enable particularapplications to be carried out using the DSP block 26. For example, theDSP block 26 enhances the ability of integrated circuit devices, such asprogrammable logic devices (e.g., FPGAs), be utilized for artificialintelligence applications while still being suitable for digital signalprocessing applications.

While the embodiments set forth in the present disclosure may besusceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specificembodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and havebeen described in detail herein. However, it should be understood thatthe disclosure is not intended to be limited to the particular formsdisclosed. The disclosure is to cover all modifications, equivalents,and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the disclosureas defined by the following appended claims.

The techniques presented and claimed herein are referenced and appliedto material objects and concrete examples of a practical nature thatdemonstrably improve the present technical field and, as such, are notabstract, intangible, or purely theoretical. Further, if any claimsappended to the end of this specification contain one or more elementsdesignated as “means for [perform]ing [a function] . . . ” or “step for[perform]ing [a function] . . . ”, it is intended that such elements areto be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f). However, for any claimscontaining elements designated in any other manner, it is intended thatsuch elements are not to be interpreted under 35 U.S.C. 112(f).

Example Embodiments of the Disclosure

The following numbered clauses define certain example embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

Clause 1.

A digital signal processing (DSP) block comprising:

a plurality of columns of weight registers;

a plurality of inputs configured to receive a first plurality of valuesand a second plurality of values, wherein the first plurality of valuesis stored in the plurality of columns of weight registers after beingreceived; and

a plurality of multipliers configured to simultaneously multiply eachvalue of the first plurality of values by each value of the secondplurality of values.

Clause 2.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein the first and second plurality ofvalues comprise fixed-point values.

Clause 3.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein the plurality of columns of weightregisters comprises three columns of weight registers.

Clause 4.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein the first plurality of values arestored in the plurality of columns of weight registers prior toreceiving the second plurality of values.

Clause 5.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein:

the plurality of multipliers is configured to generate a third pluralityof values by multiplying each value of the first plurality of values byeach value of the second plurality of values; and

the DSP block comprises compression circuitry configured to determine asum of the third plurality of values.

Clause 6.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein the DSP block is configured toreceive a fourth plurality of values from a second DSP block anddetermine a sum of the third plurality of values and the sum of thethird plurality of values.

Clause 7.

The DSP block of clause 1, comprising conversion circuitry configured toconvert fixed-point values to floating-point values.

Clause 8.

The DSP block of clause 7, wherein the conversion circuitry isconfigured to receive a shared exponent for the second plurality ofvalues and convert the fixed-point values to the floating-points valuesbased on the shared exponent.

Clause 9.

The DSP block of clause 1, wherein the DSP block is included within afield-programmable gate array (FPGA).

Clause 10.

An integrated circuit device, comprising:

a digital signal processing (DSP) block, comprising:

-   -   a plurality of columns of registers;    -   a plurality of inputs configured to receive a first plurality of        values and a second plurality of values, wherein the first        plurality of values is stored in the plurality of columns of        registers after being received; and    -   a plurality of multipliers configured to simultaneously multiply        each value of the first plurality of values by each value of the        second plurality of values.

Clause 11.

The integrated circuit device of clause 10, wherein:

the first plurality of values and the second plurality of values arefixed-point values; and

the DSP block is configured to perform floating-point and fixed-pointaddition.

Clause 12.

The integrated circuit device of clause 11, wherein the DSP block isconfigured perform fixed-point addition involving:

one or more values determined based on the first and second pluralitiesof values; and

a third plurality of values received from a second DSP blockcommunicatively coupled to the DSP block.

Clause 13.

The integrated circuit device of clause 10, wherein the first pluralityof values, the second plurality of values, or both are generated from athird plurality of values that are more precise than the first pluralityof values, the second plurality of values, or both.

Clause 14.

The integrated circuit device of clause 10, wherein the first pluralityof values is stored in a single column of the plurality of columns.

Clause 15.

The integrated circuit device of clause 10, comprising a programmablelogic device, wherein the programmable logic device comprises the DSPblock.

Clause 16.

The integrated circuit device of clause 15, wherein the programmablelogic device comprises a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).

Clause 17.

A system comprising:

a first digital signal processing (DSP) block; and

a second DSP block communicatively coupled to the first DSP block,wherein the second DSP block comprises:

-   -   a plurality of columns of weight registers;    -   a plurality of inputs configured to receive a first plurality of        values and a second plurality of values, wherein the first        plurality of values is stored in the plurality of columns of        weight registers after being received; and    -   a plurality of multipliers configured to simultaneously multiply        each value of the first plurality of values by each value of the        second plurality of values.

Clause 18.

The system of clause 17, wherein the second DSP block is configured tosimultaneously perform thirty multiplication operations whensimultaneously multiplying each value of the first plurality of valuesby each value of the second plurality of values.

Clause 19.

The system of clause 17, wherein the first DSP block is configured toreceive one or more values from the second DSP block and determine a sumfor each column of the plurality of columns of weight registers of thesecond DSP block used to store the first plurality of values.

Clause 20.

The system of clause 17, comprising:

a programmable logic device that comprises the first and second DSPblocks; and

an integrated circuit device communicatively coupled to the programmablelogic device.

What is claimed is:
 1. An integrated circuit device comprising: adigital signal processing block comprising: a first plurality of inputsconfigured to receive a first plurality of values; a second plurality ofinputs; a third plurality of inputs; a plurality of weight registersconfigured to store a second plurality of values received via the firstplurality of inputs, the second plurality of inputs, or the thirdplurality of inputs; and multiplier circuitry configured tosimultaneously multiply each value of the first plurality of values by avalue of the second plurality of values to generate a third plurality ofvalues.
 2. The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein: thedigital signal processing block comprises a fourth plurality of inputsconfigured to receive a fourth plurality of values; and the fourthplurality of values comprise exponent values shared by at least aportion of the first plurality of values.
 3. The integrated circuitdevice of claim 1, wherein the digital signal processing block isconfigured to receive the second plurality of values via the secondplurality of inputs or the third plurality of inputs.
 4. The integratedcircuit device of claim 1, wherein the digital signal processing blockis configured to receive a fourth plurality of values via the secondplurality of inputs or the third plurality of inputs while performing amultiplication.
 5. The integrated circuit device of claim 4, wherein:the digital signal processing block comprises a second plurality ofweight registers configured to store the fourth plurality of values; andthe digital signal processing block is configured to switch frommultiplying values received via the first plurality of inputs by valuesstored in the plurality of weight registers to multiplying the valuesreceived via the first plurality of inputs by values stored in thesecond plurality of weight registers.
 6. The integrated circuit deviceof claim 1, wherein: the digital signal processing block comprises asecond plurality of weight registers; the digital signal processingblock is configured to receive a fourth plurality of values and storethe fourth plurality of values in the second plurality of weightregisters; and after multiplying values of first plurality of values byvalues of the second plurality of values, the multiplier circuitry isconfigured to multiply each value of the first plurality of values by avalue of the fourth plurality of values to generate a fifth plurality ofvalues.
 7. The integrated circuit device of claim 6, wherein the digitalsignal processing block comprises: first adding circuitry configured toadd the third plurality of values to generate a first sum; and secondadding circuitry configured to add the fifth plurality of values togenerate a second sum.
 8. The integrated circuit device of claim 7,wherein the digital signal processing block comprises: a fourthplurality of inputs communicatively coupled to a second digital signalprocessing block; third adding circuitry configured to: receive a firstvalue from the second digital signal processing block via the fourthplurality of inputs; and add the first value and the first sum togenerate a third sum; and fourth adding circuitry configured to: receivea second value from the second digital signal processing block via thefourth plurality of inputs; and add the second value and the second sumto generate a fourth sum.
 9. The integrated circuit device of claim 8,wherein the first sum and the second sum comprise fixed-point values.10. The integrated circuit device of claim 9, wherein: the digitalsignal processing block comprises conversion circuitry configured toconvert the first sum and second sum from fixed-point to floating point;and the third adding circuitry and the fourth adding circuitry comprisefloating-point adder circuitry.
 11. The integrated circuit device ofclaim 10, wherein the floating-point adder circuitry comprises addercircuitry configured to add single-precision floating-point values. 12.The integrated circuit device of claim 1, wherein the integrated circuitdevice comprises a field-programmable gate array (FPGA).
 13. A digitalsignal processing block, comprising: a first plurality of inputsconfigured to receive a first plurality of values; a second plurality ofinputs; a third plurality of inputs; a plurality of weight registersconfigured to store a second plurality of values received via the firstplurality of inputs, the second plurality of inputs, or the thirdplurality of inputs; and multiplier circuitry configured tosimultaneously multiply each value of the first plurality of values by avalue of the second plurality of values to generate a third plurality ofvalues.
 14. The digital signal processing block of claim 13, furthercomprising a second plurality of weight registers configured to store afourth plurality of values via the first plurality of inputs, the secondplurality of inputs, or the third plurality of inputs.
 15. The digitalsignal processing block of claim 14, further comprising a plurality ofmultiplexers, wherein each multiplexer of the plurality of multiplexersis configured to selectively provide a value of the second plurality ofvalues or a value of the fourth plurality of values to the multipliercircuitry.
 16. The digital signal processing block of claim 13, furthercomprising: a second plurality of weight registers; and a thirdplurality of weight registers, wherein: the digital signal processingblock is configured to receive a fourth plurality of values and storethe fourth plurality of values in the second plurality of weightregisters; the digital signal processing block is configured to receivea fifth plurality of values and store the fifth plurality of values inthe third plurality of weight registers; after multiplying values offirst plurality of values by values of the second plurality of values,the multiplier circuitry is configured to multiply each value of thefirst plurality of values by a value of the fourth plurality of valuesto generate a sixth plurality of values; and after multiplying values ofthe first plurality of values by values of the fourth plurality ofvalues, the multiplier circuitry is configured to multiply each value ofthe first plurality of values by a value of the fifth plurality ofvalues to generate a seventh plurality of values.
 17. A system,comprising a first digital signal processing block; and a second digitalsignal processing block, comprising: a first plurality of inputsconfigured to receive a first plurality of values; a second plurality ofinputs communicatively coupled to the first digital signal processingblock; a third plurality of inputs; a fourth plurality of inputscommunicatively coupled to the first digital signal processing block; aplurality of weight registers configured to store a second plurality ofvalues received via the first plurality of inputs, the second pluralityof inputs, or the third plurality of inputs; and multiplier circuitryconfigured to simultaneously multiply each value of the first pluralityof values by a value of the second plurality of values to generate athird plurality of values.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the firstdigital signal processing block and the second digital signal processingblock are implemented within a programmable logic device.
 19. The systemof claim 18, comprising a processor communicatively coupled to theprogrammable logic device.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein theprogrammable logic device comprises a field-programmable logic array(FPGA).